Wake Forest
Custom-made, living body parts have been 3D-printed in a significant advance for regenerative medicine, say scientists.
The sections of bone, muscle and cartilage all functioned normally when implanted into animals.
The breakthrough, published in Nature Biotechnology, raises the hope of using living tissues to repair the body.
Experts described the technology, developed in the US, as a "goose that really does lay golden eggs".
The idea of placing individual human cells in a precise pattern to replace a damaged jaw, missing ear or scarred heart muscle holds much promise.
But the field has been limited by the huge challenge of keeping the cells alive - they become starved of oxygen and nutrients in tissues thicker than 0.2 millimetres.
Sponge
The team at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Centre developed a new technique that 3D-prints a tissue riddled with micro-channels, rather like a sponge, to allow nutrients to penetrate the tissue.
Wake Forest
The Integrated Tissue and Organ Printing System - or Itop - combines a bio-degradeable plastic which gives the structure and a water-based gel which contains the cells and encourages them to grow.
When the structures were implanted into animals, the plastic broke down as it was replaced by a natural, structural "matrix" of proteins produced by the cells.
Meanwhile, blood vessels and nerves grew into the implants.
Prof Anthony Atala, the lead researcher, said tissues could now be printed on a human scale.
While the implants have the same strength as human tissues, the researchers are now waiting to see how durable they are.
But Prof Atala said 3D printing was opening new doors for medicine.
He told the BBC News website: "Let's say a patient presented with an injury to their jaw bone and there's a segment missing.
"We'd bring the patient in, do the imaging and then we would take the imaging data and transfer it through our software to drive the printer to create a piece of jawbone that would fit precisely in the patient."
Wake Forest
Wake Forest
Similar techniques in which the biodegradable scaffolding is built first and then soaked in cells are already being used in patients.
Women were given lab-grown vaginas at the Wake Forest centre two years ago, but the range of treatments is again limited by keeping the cells alive.
Prof Atala added: "In this study we printed a wide range of tissue strengths - from muscles as a soft tissue to cartilage and bone as a hard tissue showing a whole range of tissue strengths is possible.
"The hope is to continue work on these technologies to target other humans tissues as well."
And ultimately they aim to print directly into a patient.
'Golden goose'
Prof Martin Birchall, a surgeon at University College London, said the results were "striking".
He told the BBC: "The prospect of printing human tissues and organs for implantation has been a real one for some time, but I confess I did not expect to see such rapid progress.
"They have managed to create what appears to be the goose that really does lay golden eggs!"
He cautioned there was still more research to be done before the printer could be used in patients.
But he concluded: "Given the scale of this breakthrough, progress in other fields, the resources available to the researchers at Wake Forest and the imperatives for human health, I think it will be less than a decade before surgeons like me are trialling customised printed organs and tissues. I can't wait!"
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